The Difference Between Alpha and P-Values

The Difference Between Alpha and P-Values In conducting a test of significance or hypothesis test, there are two numbers that are easy to get confused. These numbers are easily confused because they are both numbers between zero and one, and are both probabilities. One number is called the p-value of the test statistic. The other number of interest is the level of significance or alpha. We will examine these two probabilities and determine the difference between them. Alpha Values The number alpha is the threshold value that we measure p-values against. It tells us how extreme observed results must be in order to reject the null hypothesis of a significance test. The value of alpha is associated with the confidence level of our test. The following lists some levels of confidence with their related values of alpha: For results with a 90 percent level of confidence, the value of alpha is 1 - 0.90 0.10.For results with a 95 percent level of confidence, the value of alpha is 1 - 0.95 0.05.For results with a 99 percent level of confidence, the value of alpha is 1 - 0.99 0.01.And in general, for results with a C percent level of confidence, the value of alpha is 1 - C/100. Although in theory and practice many numbers can be used for alpha, the most commonly used is 0.05. The reason for this is both because consensus shows that this level is appropriate in many cases, and historically, it has been accepted as the standard.  However, there are many situations when a smaller value of alpha should be used. There is not a single value of alpha that always determines statistical significance. The alpha value gives us the probability of a type I error. Type I errors occur when we reject a null hypothesis that is actually true. Thus, in the long run, for a test with a level of significance of 0.05 1/20, a true null hypothesis will be rejected one out of every 20 times. P-Values The other number that is part of a test of significance is a p-value. A p-value is also a probability, but it comes from a different source than alpha. Every test statistic has a corresponding probability or p-value. This value is the probability that the observed statistic occurred by chance alone, assuming that the null hypothesis is true. Since there are a number of different test statistics, there are a number of different ways to find a ​p-value. For some cases, we need to know the probability distribution  of the population.​​ The p-value of the test statistic is a way of saying how extreme that statistic is for our sample data. The smaller the p-value, the more unlikely the observed sample. Difference Between P-Value and Alpha To determine if an observed outcome is statistically significant, we compare the values of alpha and the p-value. There are two possibilities that emerge: The p-value is less than or equal to alpha. In this case, we reject the null hypothesis. When this happens, we say that the result is statistically significant. In other words, we are reasonably sure that there is something besides chance alone that gave us an observed sample.The p-value is greater than alpha. In this case, we fail to reject the null hypothesis. When this happens, we say that the result is not statistically significant. In other words, we are reasonably sure that our observed data can be explained by chance alone. The implication of the above is that the smaller the value of alpha is, the more difficult it is to claim that a result is statistically significant. On the other hand, the larger the value of alpha is the easier is it to claim that a result is statistically significant. Coupled with this, however, is the higher probability that what we observed can be attributed to chance.

Arbitration

Arbitration Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work produced by our Law Essay Writing Service . You can view samples of our professional work here . Arbitration INTRODUCTION The world has come to experience many changes in the way legal systems are evolving. The conventional methods of dispensing justice are being abandoned in favour of faster and more efficient methods of dispute resolution such as arbitration and mediation. The concept of arbitration has risen to prominence as a widely accepted form of dispute resolution between jurisdictions due to its many advantages and wide ranging applicability from commercial transactions to even the most simple of disputes and this can be seen in the fact that the United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958 has a total of 144 signatories. Mainly due to the cumbersome and lengthy process of litigation, many parties have opted for arbitration as a means of settling disputes due to its many advantages. This thinking behind this research is to critically evaluate the nature of arbitration and attempt to look at it as a veritable and eff icient means of alternative dispute resolution. It seeks to analyse arbitration in an introductory sense and attempt a differentiation between the recognition of an arbitral award and the enforcement of the award. It will attempt to look at the requirements under the various conventions for enforcement to be possible and then critically examine the grounds for non-enforcements under the conventions especially the New York convention of 1958. The methodology to be adopted by this research will be of a critical and comparative nature. Reviews of diverse literatures on the subject of this essay from one chapter to another will be carried out and in achieving the aim of this essay; diverse sources will be made reference to, including, international human rights instruments, legislations, case laws, books, journal articles, internet articles, general opinions and personal ideas. Particular emphasis will be placed on the New York convention of 1958 as a benchmark for comparism with other existing treaties and conventions on the subject. Chapter One will adopt an introductory approach and try to define the important issues raised in this essay especially the subject of arbitration and the essential nature of an award. It will define the term arbitration and attempt to enumerate the advantages or arbitration and why it has become so popular in regards to settlements of disputes viz a viz other methods of settlement of disputes. It will also differentiate between recognition of an award and the enforceability of an award which is very crucial to the very nature of an award. Chapter two will attempt to look at the requirements for enforcement and the available procedure in the New York convention and also attempt to do a comparative analysis between different jurisdictions to see the existing requirements for enforcement. Chapter three will focus on the major part of this work which will be the grounds for non-enforcement and recognition of an award under the New York c onvention of 1958 under Article 5(1) and Article 5(2) and other treaties. This will be considered in detail and a comparative analysis will be attempted to ascertain if this defences are strictly adhered to in certain jurisdictions.

The homework Debate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The homework Debate - Essay Example The article surveys the negative and positive aspects of homework. Sharryn Brownlee quotes that a punitive or tedious approach to homework limits the appropriateness of homework. The paramount reason not to subject those children to homework is that they require sufficient time to relax and take their thoughts of the classroom environment (Lindner, 2005, pp.67-76). The burden of having to complete homework every single night is quite overwhelming for most children. Consequently, they need adequate time to refresh their minds and bodies. In addition, homework tends to condense the available amount of time that children could be spending with their relatives. Kathy Walker, an early childhood expert, maintains that the superlative assignment in early years of school is having family time (Walker, 2007, pp.97-106). Walker further argues that playing together, enjoying books and talking together is better than piled up homework. Walker suggests that Family time is explicitly imperative to a growing child (Walker, 2007 pp.102-107). Absence or limited interaction with one’s family may lead to social problems that may eventually crop up. As a result, inadequate family time spending compromises the family unity. Thirdly, homework can source conflict and misunderstandings between students, teachers and parents. According to Kidwell 2004, disagreements may arise when students fail to do their homework and hence to bring about strains in families (pp.126- 134). Alfie Kohn upholds that homework is total agony and no gain (Kohn, 2007 pp.123-129). In his manuscript The Homework Myth, Kohn contends that no study has invariably found an association between homework and academic accomplishment in school. Kohn asserts that there is a minute reason to believe that homework is essential in high school. Kohn maintains that homework may reduce interest in learning. According to Jongsma 2011, a lot of homework can inspire cheating because children end up copying one another

Explore the types of work products relevant to assessment of Essay

Explore the types of work products relevant to assessment of Capability Level 2 in the Software Requirements Analysis Process - Essay Example In the capability dimension, six capability levels and nine corresponding process attributes are defined. These are presented in Table 2.1. The measurement for all process attributes is done on a four-point scale. The process dimension of this framework classifies the processes into Process categories and groups. Software Requirements Analysis is a part of the Software Implementation Process (DEV) within Software Life cycle Processes. Table 2.1: ISO/IEC 15504 – Process Capability Levels & Process Attributes Level Number Level Name Process Attribute Number Process Attribute Name 0 Incomplete Process - - 1 Performed Process 1.1 Process Performance 2 Managed Process 2.1 Performance Management 2.2 Work Product Management 3 Established Process 3.1 Process Definition 3.2 Process Deployment 4 Predictable Process 4.1 Process Measurement 4.2 Process Control 5 Optimizing Process 5.1 Process Innovation 5.2 Process Optimization 3. Software Requirements Analysis Process – Purpose & Outcomes The purpose of this process is to identify and establish the requirements for the software elements of the system. As an outcome of successful implementation of this process the accuracy and testability of software requirements is established. It is made sure that the software requirements are consistent and in line with system requirements. The priorities of the requirements are established and their impact on cost and effort estimates is analyzed (ISO/IEC FDAM 15504-5: 2011, p.72). 4. Basic work products for Software Requirements Analysis Process This section details the work products required for Software Requirements Analysis Process, their justification, characteristics and outcomes (ISO/IEC FDAM 15504-5: 2011, ISO/IEC 15504-2:2003). I. Contract Contract implies an agreement between two parties (internal or external to the organization) regarding the scope of deliverables, time required to deliver them, statutory considerations, cost of delivery, service level agreemen ts, performance evaluation criteria, review and approval procedure. A contract is required for software requirements analysis process so that the scope of the requirements to be identified is frozen to prevent any issues later. Contract is the most important document for ant stage or project and is also referred as SOW (Statement of Work) in some cases. As an outcome of this work product, the organization would be to chart its project plans. II. User Documentation User documentation is in fact required at every stage of software development process. But it is very critical for Software Requirements Analysis process because it acts as a basis for other processes. This documentation would be referred in design, development and testing phases significantly. Documentation could include both internal as well as external documentation. III. Plan A plan is essential at every stage of software life cycle process but becomes very vital for requirements analysis phase. Plan consists of object ives, scope, assumptions, constraints, risks, milestones, deliverables, methods, resources and schedules involved in requirements analysis. There may be a large overlap between contract and plan. Whereas a contract is generally between two parties, a plan may not be shared with the other party. IV. Policy Policy is a set of rules or

Internet Addiction :: Psychology

While an Internet is an important discovery that has excellent functions and has lots of benefits to humans’ daily lives, its excess use also has many dysfunctions. Internet has tremendous amounts of functions. We use Internet for different purposes; such as for school works, for shopping, bill payments, online banking and for social networking, such as (Facebook, twitter, yahoo mail, hot mail, g mail and my space) and even for dating. It also enables people to watch videos on YouTube, play video games, read books and journals and other material resources. However when people spent an unlimited number of times on a computer for non-profit activities like, gaming and Facebooking whole the day results in time wastage and if repeatedly used can cause Internet addiction. Lam argued Internet addiction as an uncontrollable and detrimental use of the use of Internet and is documented as a ‘compulsive-impulsive Internet usage disorder’ (Lam 2). , Kimberly Young, of the Center for Internet Addiction Recovery in Bradford, Pennsylvania said â€Å"At the same time the Internet has had negative ramifications. Some people are becoming preoccupied with the Internet, are unable to control their use, and are jeopardizing employment and relationships. The concept of ‘Internet addiction’ has been proposed as an explanation for uncontrollable, damaging use of this technology† (Young 2). But some opinions are opposing this argument and expressing that Internet use as not addiction. Kim said â€Å"there are various opinions on Internet addiction. A common saying is that if someone is addicted to anything and it is knowledge, this case is not addiction† (Kim 1). However, I would argue that if we extremely use anyt hing even if it is knowledge it is addiction. The more heavily we use the internet the more negative consequences we have, such as, disproportionate time wastage, diminutive school performance and also the possibility of developing mood disorders. Several situations can cause Internet addictions including, family, friends with whom we spend most time, peers and some other neighbors have the paramount significance. Hyung situated multiple causes of Internet addiction and he said, â€Å"the causes of Internet addiction are not only associated with habitual backgrounds of using the Internet, but also demographic and socioeconomic backgrounds† (Hyung 10). The availability

Martin Luther King’s “I have a dream” and Abraham lincoln’s “Gettysburg Address” Essay

Of the great oral presentations this world has seen, many of them serve as an outlet for individuals to articulate their ideals and beliefs to a greater audience. The way in which great speakers such as Martin Luther King Jr and Abraham Lincoln do this is through speech elements such as rhetoric, language techniques, successful structure and also establishing a relationship with their audience. The speeches I have a Dream, and The Gettysburg Address [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMMzY1KJVeo], although performed to entirely different audiences in different contexts, share similar values and qualities. In order to gain a complete understanding of the distinctive qualities of the speeches we must first look at the context in which they were written. On August the 28th 1963, Martin Luther King Jr stood before a congregation of over 200,000 people in front of the Lincoln Memorial. It was on this day that King delivered his testimony to mankind in an effort to end black segregation within America. Despite strong opposition from the Kennedy Administration, King and his contemporaries continued with the civil rights march. Standing on the same spot as Lincoln did five score years ago, King preached similar themes of justice, equality and freedom for man. Lincolns speech came as a eulogy to those lost at the battle of Gettysburg. At the time America was at civil war and the restless crowd was desperate for inspiration from their President. He was speaking last to a crowd of 15-20,000 Northerners to honour the dead and encourage them to keep fighting the war. The context of each address has a profound impact upon their purpose and qualities. One distinct quality of Lincolns speech is that it was structured chronologically with each of the three separate paragraphs entailing the past, present and future. The lengths of the paragraphs can also be noted as a distinct quality of the Gettysburg Address, the first paragraph is quite small followed by progressive lengthening of the second and final paragraph.  This is an instrument used by Lincoln to build up his audiences attention to the climatic end to his speech where he outlines what is required for the future. This can be compared to Kings structural approach, where he uses a ladder technique to configure his points in order of ascending importance. Once again ending strongly with the line: Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty we are free at last!. Rhetoric is often defined as the art of using language so as to persuade or influence others. From this we can deduce that it is a critical element of any effective speech. Certainly I have a dream and The Gettysburg Address contain powerful rhetoric techniques used to further communicate the ideas of King and Lincoln. Kings speech is based heavily around repetition. He uses this in the lines, One hundred years later, I have a dream and Let freedom ring. All repeated to gain suspense from the audience as well as emphasising his themes of equality and justice. King says them with such authority and power to further drive home the importance of these themes. Using his voice to create a sense of urgency about the issue. King also uses biblical allusion such as Gods Children and Psalm 23: Rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. This reflects his role as a Priest as well as giving evidence of Gods want of justice. The biblical allusions also give a sense of unity amongst the audience. Establishing a rapport with your audience is central to communicating your ideas in a speech, both King and Lincoln do this exceptionally. Using inclusive language such as the words we and us, Lincoln especially is able to establish an equality throughout his audience with the common purpose of freedom and victory. In his eulogy, Lincoln uses the line for those who gave their lives that the nation might live which again utilises the audiences patriotism to articulate his ideas through personification. By referring to both Lincolns Emancipation Declaration and The Declaration of Independence he was able to strongly back up his argument and appeal to the nations Patriotism as well as give historical evidence to the slow progress of equality in America. This would have a great effect on the proud Americans in his audience because a rejection of Kings values would ultimately mean for them a rejection of Americas traditional values. Without proper delivery, these two speeches wouldve been overlooked in value and would not have had the great effect they did. I believe the values implied in both texts justified by both the context and the rhetoric. Upon reaching conclusion, one realises that if not for great speakers and use of rhetoric, the ideas of significant historical figures could not be presented as well, as thus couldnt have the desired effect. Martin Luther King Jr and Abraham Lincoln were examples of this, men who, by use of manipulation of language and audience, changed the world. Bibliography 2008 Dictionary.com Lexico Publishing Group, LLC. Accessed: 08/06/08-09/06/08.

Apple Inc. Vs. U.s. Government Essay - 899 Words

Persuasive Essay #2 Apple Inc. vs. U.S. Government April 7, 2016 a synopsis by Yoni Berg an 8th grader at RPRY Letter to the editor of The Star Ledger Dear Editor, As you are aware, on December 2, 2015 a terrorist attack took place at the Inland Regional Center in San Bernardino, California in which 14 civilians were killed and 22 others were seriously injured. On February 9, 2016 the FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) announced that it was unable to unlock one of the mobile phones they recovered, an Apple I-phone issued by the county of San Bernardino to the shooter Syed Rizwan Farook due to its advanced security features. (Volz, Dustin; Hosenball, Mark (February 9, 2016). FBI director says investigators unable to unlock San Bernardino shooter s phone content. Reuters). The FBI requested from Apple Inc., a multinational technology giant, that they create a new version of the phone’s operating system that could be installed and run in the phone’s random access memory to disable certain security features. This would effectively create a back door into the I-phone. Apple turned down the FBI’s request due to a security con cern. Thus began a fight between the United States Government and Apple Inc. over breaking encryption and government intrusion. The clash reflects wider debates in the United States and elsewhere over security measures used by companies to protect users of devices such as smartphones — and how much leverage authorities should have to gainShow MoreRelatedFinancial Analysis of Apple Inc.795 Words   |  4 PagesAbstract The following paper aims at discussing the financial position of the American multinational corporation, Apple inc., which designs and markets consumer electronics, computers and personal computers mobile communication devices, and portable digital music and video players, as well as sells various related software, services, peripherals, and networking solutions. Apple Inc. together with subsidiaries sells its products worldwide through its online stores, retail stores, direct sales forceRead MoreAustralian Banks Are Hungry For Foreign Debt Essay1124 Words   |  5 PagesAustralian banks are hungry for foreign debt, which has driven down funding costs for U.S. borrowers, and tempted more overseas firms to take on Australian debt. Some firms that were attracted to the down funding costs are Apple Inc., Intel Corp., Ford Motor Co., and Coca-Cola Co. These companies have sold kangaroo bonds at high values, with Apple’s being the highest and valued at A$2.25 billion. A lot is als o going on in Australia. Australia recently celebrated a 25-year streak of being recession-lessRead MoreAmazon s Effect On The Internet2762 Words   |  12 Pagesafraid that the low prices would become an industry standard. Therefore, five of the top 6 publishers in the United States (Hachette Book Group, Inc., HarperCollins Publishers, Macmillan Publishers, Penguin Group, Inc., and Simon Schuster, Inc.) decided to do something about it; they decided to create a price fixing scheme with the help of Apple, Inc that would act against Amazon to increase eBook prices. The publishers had concluded that they would not be able to convince Amazon from loweringRead MoreThe Apple Vs. Samsung War2027 Words   |  9 PagesThe Apple vs. Samsung War This paper will give us an overview of the patent infringement war between the world’s two biggest smartphone makers – Apple Inc. and Samsung. For the last three years, these two technology giants have clashed on a scale unheard of in the history of the business world, their licit war costing more than a billion dollars and spanning four continents. For the purpose of this paper, I will go back to where the Apple vs. Samsung saga began, back in April 2011. The main objectiveRead MoreSamsung Electronics Co. Vs. Apple Inc. Essay2445 Words   |  10 PagesCo. vs. Apple Inc. 2. The Samsung Electronics Co. vs. Apple Inc. has been the first design patent cases in a very long time. According to the book BUS 201 Business Law the definition of intellectual property is, â€Å"a term that describes property that is developed through an intellectual and creative process† (Cheeseman, n.d.). Going into the history of the Samsung vs. Apple case, the case first began because Apple felt that Samsung stole their design patent when it came to their original Apple iPhoneRead MoreApple Marketing Strategy2907 Words   |  12 Pageswould be just as big a hit is it had been in the U.S. But analysts are now raising concerns that the iPhone may not translate as well overseas, with sales sluggish in Europe because of the devices high price and strong competition from Nokia and others Jennifer L.Schenker the iPhone in Europe: Lost in Translation, The plummeting economy persuaded Apple to decrease the price of its product as global recession was hitting its peak by the time Apple launched its product in the European market.Read MoreWhy Does America Have An Obesity Problem?1600 Words   |  7 PagesWhy does America have an obesity problem? Do we blame it on ourselves, the government, or the supermarket? It is obviously and individual’s responsibility to keep one’s self healthy, but are there ways the government can strive for an overall healthier diet for Americans? Can we change the manipulative ways of Super Markets and persuade them to look past profit? The American government should put in effort to provide a better dietary path for American citizens by working on motivating individualsRead MoreApple s Rise From An Obscure Computer Company5499 Words   |  22 PagesEconomy vs. Growth†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ..Page 10 Speculation, Hedging, and Arbitrage†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 11 Current Trade Policy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Page 12 Trade Policy Evaluation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 13 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Page 14 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Pages 15-16 Executive Summary This research paper will seek to describe Apple’s rise from an obscure computer company to the World leader in electronic devices. A brief introduction describes Apple from theRead MoreThe Russian Government And Computer Files At Any Given Moment? Essay1714 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Russian Government sent Google an email asking them for access to your cloud storage. Google gave it to them with no questions. Everything is ok though because Google sent you an email saying the Russian Government was investigating something and needed your account. Would you feel better if they asked you before they took your files? Most people would not be ok with this situation. A person’s personal files should remain personal, unless officially asked by their home government to comply. Read MoreComparison of Google and Apple corporate culture3420 Words   |  14 Pagesï » ¿ Comparison of Google and Apple Corporate Cultures Term Paper in Partial Fulfillment for RES- 510, Research and Statistics By Most Nargis Fatema IGlobal University Taught by Dr. Edward Stoker. July 29, 2014 Contents Abstract This paper defines the concept of ‘cultures’ of organization and compare the cultures between two renown Organization, analyzes it with various tools like services, employment, stocks, and environ mental issues and studies